MTP


MTP means MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MTP).
Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term is called medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) or induced abortion. It is relatively safe during the Ist trimester(up to 12weeks of pregnancy). The government of India legalized MTP in 1971 with some strict conditions to avoid its misuse. Such restrictions are all the more important to check indiscriminate and illegal female foeticides which are reported to be high in India.
Nearly 45 to 50 million MTPs are performed in a year all over the world which accounts for 1/5th of the total number of conceived pregnancies in a year.

Conditions for MTP Use
• Sexual abuse 
• Danger to mother life 
• Foetus with a genetic abnormality 
• Failure of contraceptive device 
• Mother has two or more two children 
MTPs are also essential in certain cases where the continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the fetus or both. 
MTPs are considered relatively safe during the first trimester, i.e., up to 12 weeks of pregnancy. The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2017 was enacted by the government of India to reduce the incidence of illegal abortion and consequent maternal mortality and morbidity. According to this Act, a pregnancy may be terminated on certainly considered grounds within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy on the opinion of one registered medical practitioner. If the pregnancy has lasted more than 12 weeks, but fewer than 24 weeks, two registered medical practitioners must believe, formed in good faith, that the required ground exists. The grounds for such termination of pregnancies are : 
(i) The continuation of the pregnancy would involve a risk to the life of the pregnant woman or of grave injury physical or mental health: or 
(ii) There is a substantial risk that if the child were born, it would suffer from such physical or mental abnormalities as to be seriously handicapped.

INFERTILITY


The couple unable to produce children despite unprotected sex cohabitation up to 1 year, is called infertility. Problems of infertility may be in males or females. The reason for infertility may be:- 

1. Physical, 
2. Diseases, 
3. Drugs, 
4. Immunological 
5. Even psychological.

Prevented by ART (Assisted Reproductive Technology):- 

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is the technology used to achieve pregnancy in procedures such as fertility medication, artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, and surrogacy.




Assisted Reproductive Technology 

INVITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF)

  • If fertilization occurs outside the body of a female and after that embryo is transferred into the female body.
  • ZIFT(zygote intra fallopian transfer)
  • IUT(intra uterine transfer)
  • ICSI( Intracytoplasmic sperm injection)

INVIVO FERTILIZATION 

  • If fertilization occurs inside the female body
  • GIFT(gamete intrafallopian transfer)
  • AI(artificial insemination) IUI(intra-uterine insemination) 


    ZIFT(Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer)


    The fertilized zygote or 8 cell embryo is transferred into the fallopian tube of the surrogate or same mother



    IUT(Intra Uterine Transfer)


    If more than sixteen blastomeres commonly (32 cells stage) transfer into the uterus.

    IUI(Intra-Uterine Insemination) 


    The ovum (egg) is injected with a single Sperm. 




    GIFT(Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer)


    The Transfer of an ovum is collected from the ovary into the fallopian tube of some female or female who can’t produce one but can provide a suitable environment for fertilization.


    IUI(Intra-Uterine Insemination) 


      “AI” is a fertility treatment that involves placing sperm inside a woman’s uterus to facilitate fertilization. 



      TEST TUBE BABY 


      Ist Test tube baby: 
      England, 25 July 1978, Louise JoyBrown 
      INDIA: Ist test-tube baby is approved as 'Durga'

      Amniocentesis


      A fetal sex determination test based on the chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo. In the 14th or 16th week of pregnancy with the help of a long surgical needle, amniotic fluid is taken out from the uterus. In this fluid, a few cells of the embryo (skin, liver, and placenta) are present.






      They are tested to know – 
      i. Genetic disorder / chromosomal abnormalities like Down Syndrome 
      ii. Metabolic disorder (deficiency of protein, enzymes, hormones) 
      iii. Detection of Sex (Barr bodies) 



      Statutory ban on amniocentesis for sex-determination to legally check increasing female foeticides






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