BIOMOLECULE

A biomolecule, also called a biological molecule, is any of numerous substances that are produced by cells and dwelling organisms. Biomolecules have an extensive range of sizes and systems and carry out a large array of features. The 4 main sorts of biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.

amongst biomolecules, nucleic acids, namely DNA and RNA, have the specific feature of storing an organism’s genetic code—the sequence of nucleotides that determines the amino acid sequence of proteins, which are of essential significance to life on the earth. 20 different amino acids can occur inside a protein; the order wherein they occur performs a fundamental position in figuring out protein shape and function. Proteins themselves are the predominant structural factors of cells. they also function as transporters, shifting vitamins and different molecules inside and out of cells, and as enzymes and catalysts for the full-size majority of chemical reactions that take location in dwelling organisms. Proteins additionally shape antibodies and hormones, and they have an impact on gene activity.


Likewise, carbohydrates, which are made up basically of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, are important electricity assets and structural additives of all life, and they're many of the most abundant biomolecules on this planet. they're constructed from four sorts of sugar devices—monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Lipids, some other key biomolecule of dwelling organisms, fulfill a diffusion of roles, which includes serving as a source of saved energy and acting as chemical messengers. in addition, they form membranes, which separate cells from their environments and compartmentalize the cell indoors, giving upward thrust to organelles, including the nucleus and the mitochondrion, in better (extra complicated) organisms.

Important subjects of Biomolecules

  1. structures of Monosaccharides and Disaccharides (Oligosaccharides)
  2. Chemical reactions of Glucose
  3. Amino Acids
  4. Denaturation of Proteins
  5. type of vitamins
  6. The biological function of Nucleic acids

Evaluate of Biomolecules

Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are naturally taking place in organic compounds. they are critical for existence as they shape a prime part of meals. additionally, Cellulose (a carbohydrate) is found in wooden and cotton fiber. Chemically, Carbohydrates are optically energetic polyhydroxy aldehydes/ketones or materials which yield such products on hydrolysis. Their widespread method is Cx(H2O)y. they are also called saccharides which might be similarly classified as:

  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Disaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides

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a few commonplace examples of Carbohydrates are Glucose, Fructose (Monosaccharides), Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose (Disaccharides), Starch Glycogen, Cellulose (Polysaccharides), and many others.

Monosaccharides

A monosaccharide is a monomer of carbohydrates. They are the simplest sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed. They are sweet in taste and soluble in water. In their generalized formula, x is mostly equal to y, i.e., the number of Carbon and Oxygen atoms are the same. Ex. C6H12O6, or C6 (H2O)6.  All monosaccharides occur in d and l forms, except the Dihydroxyacetone because chiral carbon is absent in Dihydroxyacetone.

The sugars are divided into two families, the D- family and the L- family. Based on the configuration of the simplest sugar, glyceraldehyde which was taken as the standard that exists in two enantiomeric forms


The sugars having the same configuration as D- glyceraldehyde at the lowest chiral carbon is designated as D – sugars and those having the configuration as L- glyceraldehyde are designated as L- sugars. Ex. D- Glucose and L- Glucose


. Based on the main functional group, monosaccharides are classified into two types:- 

1. Aldoses: Monosaccharides having aldehyde group. 

2. Ketoses: Monosaccharides having ketone group.

CLASSIFICATION OF MONOSACCHARIDES BASED ON THE NUMBER OF CARBON 




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